Calculus Volume 1 · free preview

Implicit Differentiation

When a curve is defined by an equation in x and y rather than by a solved formula, differentiating both sides with respect to x and solving for dy/dx yields the slope, handling circles, ellipses, and related rates.

1. Functions hiding in equations

Functions hiding in equations

2. The general procedure

The general procedure

3. Higher derivatives implicitly

Higher derivatives implicitly

4. Curves with no closed form

Curves with no closed form

5. Why the chain rule appears

In implicit differentiation of x^2 + y^2 = 25, the derivative of y^2 with respect to x is 2y dy/dx. Why does the factor dy/dx appear?

6. Slope on the circle

Using implicit differentiation, what is the slope dy/dx of the circle x^2 + y^2 = 25 at the point (3, 4)?

7. Vertical tangents

For the circle x^2 + y^2 = 25, the derivative dy/dx = -x/y is undefined where y = 0. What geometric feature occurs at those points?

8. Product rule necessity

Differentiating the term xy in the equation x^2 + xy + y^2 = 7, which expression results?

9. Second derivative sign on the upper semicircle

The second derivative of the circle's upper semicircle works out to -25/y^3, which is negative since y is positive up there. What does the negative sign confirm geometrically?

10. Horizontal tangent on the lower circle

For the circle x^2 + y^2 = 1 with derivative dy/dx = -x/y, what is the tangent slope at the point (0, -1) on the bottom?

11. Implicit derivative of xy equals one

Differentiating xy = 1 implicitly gives a relation between dy/dx, x, and y. What is dy/dx? Answer like -y/x.

12. Slope on the upper unit semicircle

For x^2 + y^2 = 1, the derivative is dy/dx = -x/y. At the point (0, 1) on top, what is the slope? Answer with a number.

13. Product term count

In the equation x^2 + xy = 4, implicit differentiation produces one term from x^2, one from y in the product, and one from x dy/dx. How many total terms before solving? Answer with a number.

14. Ellipse slope formula

Implicit differentiation of x^2/9 + y^2/4 = 1 gives dy/dx equal to a constant times x/y. What is that constant, as a fraction? Answer like -4/9.

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