Intermediate Microeconomics · 免费预览
网络效应与需求估计
当一个用户的采用提高了其他用户的需求时，需求曲线会随用户基数移动，市场可能在临界规模以下陷入停滞；而在相信任何曲线、弹性或福利数值之前，实证需求估计都必须应对遗漏变量和联立性。
1. Demand that moves with users
Demand that moves with users
2. Estimating a demand curve
Estimating a demand curve
3. Instruments and experiments
Instruments and experiments
4. Welfare with networks
Welfare with networks
5. The bandwagon mechanism
Why does a network good's demand curve shift with the user base?
6. Critical mass
What is critical mass in a network market?
7. The simultaneity trap
Why can't the slope of a price-quantity scatter be read as a demand curve?
8. What an instrument must do
What makes a cost shifter a valid instrument for demand estimation?
9. A bandwagon's demand
A phone network where each user values it at 2 dollars plus 1 dollar per thousand users. Compute willingness to pay at 5 thousand users, and write the number.
10. The threshold
The service costs 6 dollars to join. Compute the smallest whole thousands of users making willingness to pay at least 6, and write the number.
11. Valuation further up the network
Each user values the network at 2 dollars plus 1 dollar per thousand users. What is willingness to pay at 8 thousand users?
12. Joining at a high price
The network charges 9 dollars to join. What is the smallest user base, in whole thousands, at which joining is worth the fee?
13. The low-fee threshold
If the join price is only 4 dollars, what smallest whole thousands of users sustains membership?
14. Why networks need a push
A network good would sustain a large membership once established but stalls below critical mass. What policy logic follows?
15. Valuation at twelve thousand
Each user values the network at 2 dollars plus 1 dollar per thousand users. Compute willingness to pay at 12 thousand users, and write the number.
16. Users needed at a middle fee
The join price is 5 dollars. Compute the smallest whole thousands of users making willingness at least 5, and write the number.