Microeconomics · 免费预览
管制垄断
在竞争可行之处，社会以反垄断措施应对垄断；在规模使单一企业成为自然垄断之处，则以管制定价加以应对，在无谓损失、覆盖范围以及为网络和创新提供资金的利润之间进行权衡。
1. Two monopolies, two remedies
Two monopolies, two remedies
2. The regulated price dilemma
The regulated price dilemma
3. Antitrust in practice
Antitrust in practice
4. The last word on moats
The last word on moats
5. Choosing the remedy
A city's water utility has average cost falling over the entire market demand. A council member proposes splitting it into five competing companies. What is the economist's likely objection?
6. The MC-pricing dilemma
A regulated natural monopoly faces demand P = 60 - Q/2. Its marginal cost is 8 dollars per unit, but its average total cost at the efficient quantity is 16 dollars. What happens if the regulator insists on marginal-cost pricing of 8 dollars?
7. The two-part tariff's fixed fee
A utility charges 8 dollars per unit, its marginal cost, and expects to sell 104 units. Its total cost at that quantity averages 16 dollars per unit. Compute the total loss the fixed fees must cover, in dollars, and write the number.
8. The two-part compromise
A utility charges a fixed monthly access fee plus a per-unit price equal to marginal cost. What does this two-part tariff achieve?
9. The average-cost compromise
A regulator prices a natural monopoly at its average total cost instead of marginal cost. What is the outcome?
10. The per-unit shortfall
A regulated utility must price at marginal cost of 8 dollars while its average total cost is 16 dollars per unit. Compute the loss per unit that a subsidy or fixed fee must cover, and write the number.