Microeconomics · 免费预览
保护主义之争
贸易提高了总剩余，却在政治上失利，因为贸易造成的损失集中，而收益却分散；同时，支持保护的标准论据大多站不住脚，而补偿原则大多切实可行。
1. Concentrated losses, dispersed gains
Concentrated losses, dispersed gains
2. The arguments, taken seriously
The arguments, taken seriously
3. The one real exception and its revenge
The one real exception and its revenge
4. Compensation, the economist's answer
Compensation, the economist's answer
5. The political asymmetry
With 8,000 workers each losing 6,000 dollars and 60 million consumers each gaining 80 cents, why does protection usually win the lobbying fight despite equal totals?
6. Evaluating the infant industry claim
A minister argues that fledgling chip plants need ten years of tariffs to mature. What makes the claim credible rather than a blank check?
7. The terms-of-trade exception
Why can a large country, unlike the small country of the last lesson, sometimes gain from a modest tariff?
8. The compensation principle
A tariff costs consumers 1040, pays producers 560 and the government 320, destroying 160. What does the compensation principle recommend instead?
9. The stakes per head
Eight thousand mill workers lose a total of 48 million dollars a year to imports. Compute each worker's average annual loss in dollars, and write the number.
10. The sleeping majority
Sixty million consumers gain the same 48 million dollar total. Compute each consumer's average annual gain in dollars, and write the number without decimals.