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16.4 亲电取代中的取代基效应
苯上发生亲电取代时只能生成一种产物，但如果我们对一个已经带有取代基的芳环进行反应，会发生什么情况呢？最初
1. Only one product can form when an electrophilic substitution
Only one product can form when an electrophilic substitution
2. Substituents can be classified into three groups, as shown i
Substituents can be classified into three groups, as shown i
3. Part 3
Part 3
4. Worked Example 16.2: Predicting the Product of an Electrophilic Aromatic Substit
Worked Example 16.2: Predicting the Product of an Electrophilic Aromatic Substit
5. Part 5
Part 5
6. Activating and Deactivating Effects
Activating and Deactivating Effects
7. The withdrawal or donation of electrons by a substituent gro
The withdrawal or donation of electrons by a substituent gro
8. One further point: inductive effects and resonance effects d
One further point: inductive effects and resonance effects d
9. Part 9
Part 9
10. Ortho- and Para-Directing Activators: Alkyl Groups
Ortho- and Para-Directing Activators: Alkyl Groups
11. Ortho- and Para-Directing Activators: OH and NH2
Ortho- and Para-Directing Activators: OH and NH2
12. Ortho- and Para-Directing Deactivators: Halogens
Ortho- and Para-Directing Deactivators: Halogens
13. Meta-Directing Deactivators
Meta-Directing Deactivators
14. A Summary of Substituent Effects in Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
A Summary of Substituent Effects in Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution