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21.3 羧酸的反应
羧酸的直接亲核酰基取代是困难的，因为 –OH 是较差的离去基团（第 11.3 节）。因此，通常需要提高羧酸的反应性，要么
1. The direct nucleophilic acyl substitution of a carboxylic ac
The direct nucleophilic acyl substitution of a carboxylic ac
2. Conversion of Carboxylic Acids into Acid Chlorides
Conversion of Carboxylic Acids into Acid Chlorides
3. Conversion of Carboxylic Acids into Acid Anhydrides
Conversion of Carboxylic Acids into Acid Anhydrides
4. Conversion of Carboxylic Acids into Esters
Conversion of Carboxylic Acids into Esters
5. The mechanism of the Fischer esterification reaction is show
The mechanism of the Fischer esterification reaction is show
6. Part 6
Part 6
7. Worked Example 21.2: Synthesizing an Ester from an Acid
Worked Example 21.2: Synthesizing an Ester from an Acid
8. Part 8
Part 8
9. Part 9
Part 9
10. Conversion of Carboxylic Acids into Amides
Conversion of Carboxylic Acids into Amides
11. We’ll see in Section 26.7 that this carbodiimide method of a
We’ll see in Section 26.7 that this carbodiimide method of a
12. Conversion of Carboxylic Acids into Alcohols
Conversion of Carboxylic Acids into Alcohols
13. Alternatively, borane in tetrahydrofuran (BH_{\text{3}}/THF)
Alternatively, borane in tetrahydrofuran (BH_{\text{3}}/THF)
14. Biological Conversions of Carboxylic Acids
Biological Conversions of Carboxylic Acids